Voltage

Understanding Voltage in LED Systems

Voltage fundamentals are essential for safe and efficient LED wall power distribution. Understanding the relationship between venue power and panel requirements prevents problems.

Voltage Basics

**Definition:** Electrical potential difference that pushes current through circuits, measured in volts (V).

**Relationship:** Power (W) = Voltage (V) × Current (A)

Higher voltage means lower current for same power.

Common Venue Voltages

**North America:**

• 120V single phase (residential/small commercial)
• 208V single/three phase (commercial)
• 480V three phase (industrial)

**Europe/International:**

• 230V single phase
• 400V three phase

**Important:** Venue voltage varies—measure actual voltage, don't assume nominal.

LED Panel Voltage Requirements

**Input Voltage:** What panels accept from the venue:

• Universal: 100-240V AC (most common)
• Regional: 110-120V or 220-240V
• High power: 208V or 380-480V

**Internal DC Voltage:** What powers the LEDs:

• Typically 4.2-5V DC
• Converted by internal power supplies
• Not relevant for installation planning

Why Higher Voltage is Better

**For Large Installations:**

1. **Lower Current:**

• Same power at half the amps
• Smaller wire gauge needed
• Less voltage drop over distance

2. **Longer Runs:**

• Less power loss in cables
• Can place distro further from panels
• More flexible layouts

3. **More Panels Per Circuit:**

• Circuit capacity increases
• Fewer home runs needed
• Simpler distribution

Voltage Drop Considerations

**Problem:** Long cable runs cause voltage drop, leading to:

• Brightness variation across wall
• Insufficient voltage at far panels
• Potential panel malfunction

**Calculation:** Voltage drop = Current × Resistance

**Solutions:**

• Use larger wire gauge
• Shorten cable runs
• Increase source voltage
• Add intermediate distribution points

Universal Power Supplies

**Auto-Ranging Supplies:** Automatically adjust to input voltage:

• Accept 100-240V AC
• 50/60Hz compatible
• Essential for touring
• Simplifies inventory

**Verification:** Always confirm voltage range in specifications.

Safety Considerations

**Proper Connections:**

• Use appropriate connectors for voltage
• Ensure tight connections
• Protect from moisture
• Follow local electrical codes

**Grounding:**

• Proper ground essential
• Prevents shock hazard
• Reduces noise in video signal
• Required by code

Voltage Testing

**Pre-Show Checks:**

• Measure venue voltage
• Verify all phases
• Check for voltage drop
• Document readings

**Equipment:**

• Digital multimeter
• Phase rotation meter
• Voltage monitoring (for shows)